Explanation

ceramics with high electric conductivity are produced by the directional movement of free electrons (or holes) under the action of electric field. Although traditional ceramics materials are non-conductive insulators, through doping, heating or other excitation methods, the outer valence electrons obtain enough energy to get rid of the bondage and control of the atomic nucleus, and become free electrons (or holes) to participate in conduction. The conductivity is not only related to the difficulty of free electron excitation, but also related to the surface and interface characteristics of grains, grain size, shape and orientation.

Classification